% !TEX root = FDS_Validation_Guide.tex

\chapter{Heat Flux}

This chapter contains a wide variety of heat flux measurements, ranging from less than a kW/m$^2$ from very small methane gas burners up to about 150~kW/m$^2$ in full-scale compartment fires. The results are broken up into two broad categories---heat flux to compartment walls, ceiling, and floor, and heat flux to ``targets''. A target is any object of interest in a fire simulation, like a steel beam or electrical cable.

There are also sections that look at special cases, like the heat flux measured at a liquid fuel surface, attenuation of thermal radiation by water sprays, and convective heat flux.


\clearpage

\section{Heat Flux to Walls, Ceiling, and Floor}


\subsection{FAA Cargo Compartments}

Measurements of heat flux and surface temperature were made at two ceiling locations (denoted A and B in Fig.~\ref{FAA_Cargo_probe_locations}). The heat flux measurements are shown below.

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_1_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_2_Heat_Flux} \\
\multicolumn{2}{c}{\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_3_Heat_Flux}}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{FAA Cargo Compartment experiments, heat flux to ceiling.}
\end{figure}

\clearpage


\subsection{FM Parallel Panel Experiments}

Predicted and measured vertical heat flux profiles for three propane and three propylene fires (30~kW, 60~kW, and 100~kW) sandwiched between two 2.4~m high, 0.6~m wide panels are presented below.

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Parallel_Panel/FM_Parallel_Panel_1_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Parallel_Panel/FM_Parallel_Panel_4_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Parallel_Panel/FM_Parallel_Panel_2_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Parallel_Panel/FM_Parallel_Panel_5_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Parallel_Panel/FM_Parallel_Panel_3_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Parallel_Panel/FM_Parallel_Panel_6_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{FM_Parallel_Panel}
\caption[FM Parallel Panel experiments, side wall heat flux]
{FM Parallel Panel experiments, side wall heat flux.}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\subsection{FM Vertical Wall Flame Experiments}

Figure~\ref{FM_Vertical_Flame_Radiance} displays the measured and predicted outward flame radiance at heights of 66, 330, 594, and 990~mm above the base of the burner, for a range of burning rates. The radiance is defined as the radiant flux per unit solid angle in the outward normal direction. The radiance of an ideal black body at temperature $T$ is $\sigma T^4/\pi$.

Figure~\ref{FM_Vertical_Flame_HF} displays the measured and predicted heat flux from propylene, ethane, ethylene, and methane wall fires. The fuel flow rates for propylene are 12.68, 17.05, and 22.37~g/m$^2$/s.

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Vertical_Wall_Flames/Propylene_Radiance_066} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Vertical_Wall_Flames/Propylene_Radiance_330} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Vertical_Wall_Flames/Propylene_Radiance_594} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Vertical_Wall_Flames/Propylene_Radiance_990}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[FM Vertical Wall Flame experiments, flame radiance]
{Flame radiance as a function of fuel flow rate at heights of 66, 330, 594, and 990~mm.}
\label{FM_Vertical_Flame_Radiance}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Vertical_Wall_Flames/Propylene_HF_12p68} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Vertical_Wall_Flames/Propylene_HF_17p05} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Vertical_Wall_Flames/Propylene_HF_22p37} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Vertical_Wall_Flames/Ethane_HF} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Vertical_Wall_Flames/Ethylene_HF} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Vertical_Wall_Flames/Methane_HF}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[FM Vertical Wall Flame experiments, centerline heat flux]
{Vertical profiles of heat flux to the burner surface for fuel flow rates of 12.68, 17.05, and 22.37~g/m$^2$/s.}
\label{FM_Vertical_Flame_HF}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\subsection{NIST/NRC Experiments}

Heat flux gauges and thermocouples were positioned at various locations on the walls, floor, and ceiling of the compartment. The locations are given in Table~\ref{NIST_NRC_Wall_Coords}. The heat flux gauges were not water cooled; thus, they measured the {\em net} rather than the {\em gauge} heat flux. However, the net heat flux is a function of the temperature of the heat flux gauge itself, which is not something that is modeled. To better compare model and measurement, the measured net heat flux is converted into a gauge heat flux using the following formula:
\begin{equation}
\dot{q}''_{\subscript{gauge}} = \dot{q}''_{\subscript{net}} + \sigma \left( T^4_{\subscript{gauge}} - T^4_\infty \right) + h  \left( T_{\subscript{gauge}}-T_\infty \right) \quad \hbox{kW/m}^2
\end{equation}
where $\sigma=5.67 \times 10^{-11}$~kW/m$^2$/K$^4$ and $h=0.005$~kW/m$^2$/K.

Also, over the course of 15 experiments, numerous heat flux gauges failed, most often due to loss of contact with the wall or faulty thermocouples. All of the measurements from Test~13 and 16 were found to be flawed.

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_01_North_Wall_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_07_North_Wall_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_02_North_Wall_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_08_North_Wall_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_04_North_Wall_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_10_North_Wall_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, heat flux to north wall, Tests 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10.}
\label{NIST_NRC_North_Wall_Flux_Closed}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_03_North_Wall_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_09_North_Wall_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_05_North_Wall_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_14_North_Wall_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_15_North_Wall_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_18_North_Wall_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, heat flux to north wall, Tests 3, 5, 9, 14, 15, 18.}
\label{NIST_NRC_North_Wall_Flux_Open}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_01_South_Wall_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_07_South_Wall_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_02_South_Wall_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_08_South_Wall_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_04_South_Wall_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_10_South_Wall_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, heat flux to south wall, Tests 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10.}
\label{NIST_NRC_South_Wall_Flux_Closed}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_03_South_Wall_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_09_South_Wall_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_05_South_Wall_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_14_South_Wall_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_15_South_Wall_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_18_South_Wall_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, heat flux to south wall, Tests 3, 5, 9, 14, 15, 18.}
\label{NIST_NRC_South_Wall_Flux_Open}
\end{figure}


\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_01_East_Wall_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_07_East_Wall_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_02_East_Wall_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_08_East_Wall_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_04_East_Wall_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_10_East_Wall_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, heat flux to east wall, Tests 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10.}
\label{NIST_NRC_East_Wall_Flux_Closed}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_03_East_Wall_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_09_East_Wall_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_05_East_Wall_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_14_East_Wall_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_15_East_Wall_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_18_East_Wall_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, heat flux to east wall, Tests 3, 5, 9, 14, 15, 18.}
\label{NIST_NRC_East_Wall_Flux_Open}
\end{figure}


\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_01_West_Wall_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_07_West_Wall_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_02_West_Wall_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_08_West_Wall_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_04_West_Wall_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_10_West_Wall_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, heat flux to west wall, Tests 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10.}
\label{NIST_NRC_West_Wall_Flux_Closed}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_03_West_Wall_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_09_West_Wall_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_05_West_Wall_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_14_West_Wall_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_15_West_Wall_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_18_West_Wall_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, heat flux to west wall, Tests 3, 5, 9, 14, 15, 18.}
\label{NIST_NRC_West_Wall_Flux_Open}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_01_Floor_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_07_Floor_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_02_Floor_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_08_Floor_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_04_Floor_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_10_Floor_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, heat flux to the floor, Tests 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10.}
\label{NIST_NRC_Floor_Flux_Closed}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_03_Floor_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_09_Floor_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_05_Floor_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_14_Floor_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_15_Floor_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_18_Floor_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, heat flux to the floor, Tests 3, 5, 9, 14, 15, 18.}
\label{NIST_NRC_Floor_Flux_Open}
\end{figure}


\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_01_Ceiling_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_07_Ceiling_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_02_Ceiling_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_08_Ceiling_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_04_Ceiling_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_10_Ceiling_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, heat flux to the ceiling, Tests 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10.}
\label{NIST_NRC_Ceiling_Flux_Closed}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_03_Ceiling_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_09_Ceiling_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_05_Ceiling_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_14_Ceiling_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_15_Ceiling_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_18_Ceiling_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, heat flux to the ceiling, Tests 3, 5, 9, 14, 15, 18.}
\label{NIST_NRC_Ceiling_Flux_Open}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\subsection{NRCC Facade Experiments}

Figure~\ref{NRCC_Facade_Image} displays the simulation of a 10.3~MW fire inside and outside of a small enclosure. The purpose of the experiment was to measure the heat flux to the exterior facade. The FDS heat flux predictions are made at the location of the green points.

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c}
\includegraphics[width=5.0in]{FIGURES/NRCC_Facade/NRCC_Facade_Win_2_10_MW_0467}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption[Smokeview rendering of NRCC Facade experiment]
{Smokeview rendering of one of the NRCC Facade experiments. The door is
0.94~m by 2.70~m tall (referred to as ``Window 2'' in the comparison plots). The
fire is 10.3~MW.}
\label{NRCC_Facade_Image}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Facade/NRCC_Facade_Win_1_05_MW} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Facade/NRCC_Facade_Win_1_06_MW} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Facade/NRCC_Facade_Win_1_08_MW} &
  \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Facade/NRCC_Facade_Win_2_05_MW} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Facade/NRCC_Facade_Win_2_06_MW} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Facade/NRCC_Facade_Win_2_08_MW} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Facade/NRCC_Facade_Win_2_10_MW}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NRCC Facade experiments, heat flux, window configuration 1 and 2.}
\label{NRCC_Facade_1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Facade/NRCC_Facade_Win_3_05_MW} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Facade/NRCC_Facade_Win_3_06_MW} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Facade/NRCC_Facade_Win_3_08_MW} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Facade/NRCC_Facade_Win_3_10_MW} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Facade/NRCC_Facade_Win_4_05_MW} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Facade/NRCC_Facade_Win_4_06_MW} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Facade/NRCC_Facade_Win_4_08_MW} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Facade/NRCC_Facade_Win_4_10_MW}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NRCC Facade experiments, heat flux, window configuration 3 and 4.}
\label{NRCC_Facade_2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Facade/NRCC_Facade_Win_5_05_MW} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Facade/NRCC_Facade_Win_5_06_MW} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Facade/NRCC_Facade_Win_5_08_MW} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Facade/NRCC_Facade_Win_5_10_MW}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NRCC Facade experiments, heat flux, window configuration 5.}
\label{NRCC_Facade_3}
\end{figure}


\clearpage



\subsection{NRL/HAI Experiments}

Predicted and measured vertical heat flux profiles from 9 propane sand burner fires are shown on the following pages. The parameters for each
experiment are listed in Table~\ref{NRL/HAI_Parameters} below. Note that all the FDS simulations were performed with a grid resolution such that
$D^*/\dx=10$.

\begin{table}[ht]
\caption{Summary of the NRL/HAI Wall Heat Flux Measurements. }
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
Test     & $D$     & $D^*$      & $\dot{Q}$   & $Q^*$   & Observed  Flame \\
Number   & (m)     & (m)        & (kW)        &         & Height (m)      \\ \hline \hline
1        & 0.28    & 0.30       &  53         & 0.85    & 0.79            \\ \hline
2        & 0.70    & 0.30       &  56         & 0.09    & 0.36            \\ \hline
3        & 0.48    & 0.33       &  68         & 0.28    & 0.60            \\ \hline
4        & 0.37    & 0.39       &  106        & 0.84    & 1.00            \\ \hline
5        & 0.48    & 0.43       &  136        & 0.57    & 0.87            \\ \hline
6        & 0.48    & 0.51       &  204        & 0.85    & 1.45            \\ \hline
7        & 0.70    & 0.52       &  220        & 0.36    & 1.20            \\ \hline
8        & 0.57    & 0.60       &  313        & 0.85    & 2.20            \\ \hline
9        & 0.70    & 0.74       &  523        & 0.85    & 2.9 (based on 500~$^\circ$C)       \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\label{NRL/HAI_Parameters}
\end{table}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRL_HAI/NRL_HAI_1_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRL_HAI/NRL_HAI_2_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRL_HAI/NRL_HAI_3_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRL_HAI/NRL_HAI_4_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRL_HAI/NRL_HAI_5_Heat_Flux} &
\end{tabular*}
\label{NRL_HAI_1}
\caption{NRL/HAI experiments, heat flux to the wall, Tests 1-5.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRL_HAI/NRL_HAI_6_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRL_HAI/NRL_HAI_7_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRL_HAI/NRL_HAI_8_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRL_HAI/NRL_HAI_9_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{NRL_HAI_2}
\caption{NRL/HAI experiments, heat flux to the wall, Tests 6-9.}
\end{figure}



\clearpage

\subsection{PRISME DOOR Experiments}

Total and radiative heat flux gauges were positioned at various points on the walls. Each room contained a vertical array labeled, for example, FLT\_L1\_NC265. The FLT indicates a surface total heat flux measurement, L1 indicates compartment 1, which is where the fire was located, NC indicates north wall center, and 265 indicates the number of centimeters above the floor. In addition, each room contained four measurement points centered on each wall at a height of approximately 260~cm. These points are labeled, for example, FLT\_L2\_SC265, compartment 2, center of south wall, 265~cm high.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D1_Room_1_Total_Heat_Flux_Array} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D2_Room_1_Total_Heat_Flux_Array} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D3_Room_1_Total_Heat_Flux_Array} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D4_Room_1_Total_Heat_Flux_Array} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D5_Room_1_Total_Heat_Flux_Array} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D6_Room_1_Total_Heat_Flux_Array}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{PRISME DOOR experiments, total heat flux, vertical array, Room 1.}
\label{PRISME_Wall_Array_THF_Room_1}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D1_Room_1_Radiative_Heat_Flux_Array} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D2_Room_1_Radiative_Heat_Flux_Array} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D3_Room_1_Radiative_Heat_Flux_Array} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D4_Room_1_Radiative_Heat_Flux_Array} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D5_Room_1_Radiative_Heat_Flux_Array} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D6_Room_1_Radiative_Heat_Flux_Array}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{PRISME DOOR experiments, radiative heat flux, vertical array, Room 1.}
\label{PRISME_Wall_Array_RHF_Room_1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D1_Room_1_Total_Heat_Flux_Circle} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D2_Room_1_Total_Heat_Flux_Circle} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D3_Room_1_Total_Heat_Flux_Circle} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D4_Room_1_Total_Heat_Flux_Circle} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D5_Room_1_Total_Heat_Flux_Circle} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D6_Room_1_Total_Heat_Flux_Circle}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{PRISME DOOR experiments, total heat flux, four walls, Room 1.}
\label{PRISME_Wall_Circle_THF_Room_1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D1_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Array} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D2_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Array} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D3_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Array} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D4_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Array} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D5_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Array} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D6_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Array}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{PRISME DOOR experiments, total heat flux, vertical array, Room 2.}
\label{PRISME_Wall_Array_THF_Room_2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D1_Room_2_Radiative_Heat_Flux_Array} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D2_Room_2_Radiative_Heat_Flux_Array} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D3_Room_2_Radiative_Heat_Flux_Array} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D4_Room_2_Radiative_Heat_Flux_Array} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D5_Room_2_Radiative_Heat_Flux_Array} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D6_Room_2_Radiative_Heat_Flux_Array}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{PRISME DOOR experiments, radiative heat flux, vertical array, Room 2.}
\label{PRISME_Wall_Array_RHF_Room_2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D1_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Circle} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D2_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Circle} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D3_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Circle} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D4_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Circle} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D5_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Circle} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D6_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Circle}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{PRISME DOOR experiments, total heat flux, four walls, Room 2.}
\label{PRISME_Wall_Circle_THF_Room_2}
\end{figure}



\clearpage


\subsection{PRISME SOURCE Experiments}

Total and radiative heat flux gauges were positioned at various points on the walls. Each room contained a vertical array labeled, for example, FLT\_L1\_NC265. The FLT indicates a surface total heat flux measurement, L1 indicates compartment 1, which is where the fire was located, NC indicates north wall center, and 265 indicates the number of centimeters above the floor. In addition, each room contained four measurement points centered on each wall at a height of approximately 260~cm. These points are labeled, for example, FLT\_L2\_SC265, compartment 2, center of south wall, 265~cm high.

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D1_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Array} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D2_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Array} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D3_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Array} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D4_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Array} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D5_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Array} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D5a_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Array} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D6_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Array} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D6a_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Array}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{PRISME SOURCE experiments, total heat flux, vertical array, Room 2.}
\label{PRISME_SOURCE_Wall_Array_THF_Room_2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D1_Room_2_Radiative_Heat_Flux_Array} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D2_Room_2_Radiative_Heat_Flux_Array} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D3_Room_2_Radiative_Heat_Flux_Array} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D4_Room_2_Radiative_Heat_Flux_Array} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D5_Room_2_Radiative_Heat_Flux_Array} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D5a_Room_2_Radiative_Heat_Flux_Array} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D6_Room_2_Radiative_Heat_Flux_Array} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D6a_Room_2_Radiative_Heat_Flux_Array}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{PRISME SOURCE experiments, radiative heat flux, vertical array, Room 2.}
\label{PRISME_SOURCE_Wall_Array_RHF_Room_2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D1_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Circle} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D2_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Circle} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D3_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Circle} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D4_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Circle} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D5_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Circle} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D5a_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Circle} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D6_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Circle} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D6a_Room_2_Total_Heat_Flux_Circle}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{PRISME SOURCE experiments, total heat flux, four walls, Room 2.}
\label{PRISME_SOURCE_Wall_Circle_THF_Room_2}
\end{figure}

\clearpage


\subsection{Ulster SBI Experiments}

Predicted and measured vertical heat flux profiles for three propane fire sizes in the single burning item (SBI) enclosure at the University of Ulster are shown on the following page. Measurements were made on two vertical panels that form a corner, at the base of which was a triangular-shaped burner with sides of length 25~cm. Three vertical profiles were measured on each panel at distances of 3.25~cm, 16.5~cm, and 29~cm from the corner.

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Ulster_SBI/Ulster_SBI_30_kW_Left_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Ulster_SBI/Ulster_SBI_30_kW_Right_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Ulster_SBI/Ulster_SBI_45_kW_Left_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Ulster_SBI/Ulster_SBI_45_kW_Right_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Ulster_SBI/Ulster_SBI_60_kW_Left_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Ulster_SBI/Ulster_SBI_60_kW_Right_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Ulster_SBI}
\caption[Ulster SBI experiments, corner fire heat flux]
{Comparison of predicted (lines) and measured (circles) heat fluxes to adjacent panels forming a corner in the single
burning item (SBI) apparatus at the University of Ulster.}
\end{figure}

\clearpage


\subsection{WTC Experiments}

There were a variety of heat flux gauges installed in the test compartment. Most were within 2~m of the fire. Their locations and orientations are listed in Table~\ref{WTC_Gauges}. This section contains the measurements at the floor and ceiling.

\begin{table}[!h]
\caption{Heat flux gauge positions relative to the center of the fire pan in the WTC series.}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c|c|l|}
\hline
Name    & $x$ (m)   & $y$ (m) & $z$ (m)   & Orientation  & Location              \\ \hline \hline
H2FU    & 0.64      & 0.63    & 3.30      &     $+z$     & Truss Support         \\ \hline
H2RU    & 0.64      & 0.51    & 3.30      &     $+z$     & Truss Support         \\ \hline
H2FD    & 0.64      & 0.30    & 3.15      &     $-z$     & Truss Support         \\ \hline
H2RD    & 0.64      & 0.42    & 3.15      &     $-z$     & Truss Support         \\ \hline
HCoHF   & -0.90     & 0.84    & 3.46      &     $+x$     & Column, facing fire   \\ \hline
HCoHW   & -0.97     & 0.92    & 3.27      &     $+y$     & Column, facing north  \\ \hline
HCoLF   & -0.90     & 0.84    & 0.92      &     $+x$     & Column, facing fire   \\ \hline
HCoLW   & -0.97     & 0.92    & 1.02      &     $+y$     & Column, facing north  \\ \hline
HF1     & 1.06      & 0.13    & 0.13      &     $+z$     & Floor                 \\ \hline
HF2     & 1.56      & 0.10    & 0.13      &     $+z$     & Floor                 \\ \hline
HCe1    & -0.45     & 0.35    & 3.82      &     $-z$     & Ceiling               \\ \hline
HCe2    &  0.05     & 0.35    & 3.82      &     $-z$     & Ceiling               \\ \hline
HCe3    &  0.80     & 0.35    & 3.82      &     $-z$     & Ceiling               \\ \hline
HCe4    &  2.56     & 0.35    & 3.82      &     $-z$     & Ceiling               \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\label{WTC_Gauges}
\end{table}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_01_Floor_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_02_Floor_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_03_Floor_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_04_Floor_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_05_Floor_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_06_Floor_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{WTC experiments, heat flux to the floor.}
\label{NIST_WTC_Floor_Flux}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_01_Ceiling_Flux_1} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_02_Ceiling_Flux_1} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_03_Ceiling_Flux_1} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_04_Ceiling_Flux_1} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_05_Ceiling_Flux_1} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_06_Ceiling_Flux_1}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{WTC experiments, heat flux to the ceiling.}
\label{NIST_WTC_Ceiling_Flux_1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_01_Ceiling_Flux_2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_02_Ceiling_Flux_2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_03_Ceiling_Flux_2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_04_Ceiling_Flux_2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_05_Ceiling_Flux_2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_06_Ceiling_Flux_2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{WTC experiments, heat flux to the ceiling.}
\label{NIST_WTC_Ceiling_Flux_2}
\end{figure}


\clearpage


\subsection{Summary of Wall, Ceiling and Floor Heat Flux Predictions}
\label{Surface Heat Flux}


\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c}
\includegraphics[height=4in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/ScatterPlots/FDS_Surface_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption[Summary of compartment surface heat flux predictions]
{Summary of surface heat flux predictions.}
\label{Summary_Surface_Heat_Flux}
\end{figure}



\clearpage

\section{Heat Flux to Targets}

The heat flux measurements are broken up into two broad categories---heat flux to walls, floors, and ceiling, and heat flux to ``targets''. A target is any object of interest in a fire, like a steel beam or electrical cable. The following subsections consider heat flux to targets.


\subsection{Fleury Experiments}

The plots on the following pages contain comparisons of predicted and measured heat fluxes from a series of propane burner fires. Heat flux gauges were mounted on moveable dollies that were placed in front of, and to the side of, burners with dimensions of 0.3~m by 0.3~m (1:1 burner), 0.6~m by 0.3~m (2:1 burner), and 0.9~m by 0.3~m (3:1 burner). The heat release rates were set to 100~kW, 150~kW, 200~kW, 250~kW, and 300~kW. The gauges were mounted at heights of 0~m, 0.5~m, 1.0~m, and 1.5~m relative to the top edge of the burner. Each page contains the results for a given HRR.

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_1t1_100_kW_Front_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_1t1_100_kW_Side_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_2t1_100_kW_Front_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_2t1_100_kW_Side_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_3t1_100_kW_Front_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_3t1_100_kW_Side_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Fleury_Heat_Flux_100_kW}
\caption[Fleury Heat Flux, 100 kW fires.]
{Comparison of predicted (lines) and measured (circles) heat flux for the 100~kW Fleury fires.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_1t1_150_kW_Front_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_1t1_150_kW_Side_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_2t1_150_kW_Front_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_2t1_150_kW_Side_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_3t1_150_kW_Front_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_3t1_150_kW_Side_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Fleury_Heat_Flux_150_kW}
\caption[Fleury Heat Flux, 150 kW fires.]
{Comparison of predicted (lines) and measured (circles) heat flux for the 150~kW Fleury fires.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_1t1_200_kW_Front_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_1t1_200_kW_Side_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_2t1_200_kW_Front_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_2t1_200_kW_Side_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_3t1_200_kW_Front_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_3t1_200_kW_Side_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Fleury_Heat_Flux_200_kW}
\caption[Fleury Heat Flux, 200 kW fires.]
{Comparison of predicted (lines) and measured (circles) heat flux for the 200~kW Fleury fires.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_1t1_250_kW_Front_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_1t1_250_kW_Side_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_2t1_250_kW_Front_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_2t1_250_kW_Side_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_3t1_250_kW_Front_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_3t1_250_kW_Side_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Fleury_Heat_Flux_250_kW}
\caption[Fleury Heat Flux, 250 kW fires.]
{Comparison of predicted (lines) and measured (circles) heat flux for the 250~kW Fleury fires.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_1t1_300_kW_Front_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_1t1_300_kW_Side_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_2t1_300_kW_Front_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_2t1_300_kW_Side_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_3t1_300_kW_Front_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Fleury_Heat_Flux/Fleury_3t1_300_kW_Side_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Fleury_Heat_Flux_300_kW}
\caption[Fleury Heat Flux, 300 kW fires.]
{Comparison of predicted (lines) and measured (circles) heat flux for the 300~kW Fleury fires.}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\subsection{Hamins Gas Burner Experiments}

Predicted and measured radial and vertical heat flux profiles from 30 methane, 34 propane, and 16 acetylene gas burner fire experiments conducted by Anthony Hamins~\cite{Hamins:TN2016} are displayed in this section. The relevant information about the fires is included in Tables~\ref{Hamins_Methane_Table}, \ref{Hamins_Propane_Table}, and \ref{Hamins_Acetylene_Table}. In each table, $D$ is the diameter of the burner and $R_0$ is the radial distance from the burner centerline to the position of the vertical heat flux measurements. $\dot{Q}$ is the product of the mass loss rate, $\dot{m}$, and the heat of combustion. The heat of combustion of acetylene is 48.2~kJ/g; and for propane, 46.4~kJ/g. For the methane experiments, either methane (50.03~kJ/g) or natural gas (49.4~kJ/g) was used. $\dot{Q}''$ is the heat release rate per unit area, and
\be
   \dot{Q}^* = \frac{\dot{Q}}{\rho_\infty \, T_\infty \, c_p \, \sqrt{g D} \, D^2 }   \quad ; \quad    D^* = \left( \frac{\dot{Q}}{\rho_\infty \, T_\infty \, c_p \, \sqrt{g} } \right)^{2/5}
\ee
Note that in the test matrices, the values to the right of the double lines indicate parameters used in the simulations.  The values for radiative fraction, $\chi_{\rm rad}$, are suggested by Hamins~\cite{Hamins:TN2016}. The quantity $D^*/\delta x$ is an indicator of grid resolution, where $D^*$ is the characteristic burner dimension and $\delta x$ is the grid cell size.

\newpage

\subsubsection{Methane Experiments}

\begin{table}[!ht]
\caption[Parameters of the Hamins methane burner experiments]{Parameters of the Hamins methane burner experiments. The asterisk after the Test No. indicates that natural gas was used as fuel. The soot and CO yields were assumed to be zero.}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c||c|c|}
\hline
Test      & $D$      & $R_0$      & $\dot{Q}$   &  $\dot{m}$            &  $\dot{Q}''$   &               &            &          \\
No.       & (m)      & (m)        & (kW)        &  (g/s)                &  (kW/m$^2$)    & \raisebox{1.5ex}[0pt]{$\dot{Q}^*$} & \raisebox{1.5ex}[0pt]{$\chi_{\rm rad}$} & \raisebox{1.5ex}[0pt]{$D^*/\delta x$} \\ \hline \hline
1         & 0.1      & 0.13       & 0.42        &  0.0085               &  53.5          & 0.12          & 0.13       & 8.6     \\ \hline
2         & 0.1      & 0.13       & 0.61        &  0.0122               &  77.7          & 0.18          & 0.13       & 10.0     \\ \hline
3         & 0.1      & 0.13       & 0.78        &  0.0155               &  99.3          & 0.22          & 0.13       & 11.0     \\ \hline
4         & 0.1      & 0.13       & 1.11        &  0.0222               &  141.3         & 0.32          & 0.16       & 12.7      \\ \hline
5         & 0.1      & 0.13       & 1.89        &  0.0378               &  240.6         & 0.54          & 0.16       & 15.7      \\ \hline
6*        & 0.35     & 0.40       & 11.2        &  0.226                &  115.9         & 0.14          & 0.08       & 6.4      \\ \hline
7*        & 0.35     & 0.40       & 15.3        &  0.310                &  159.0         & 0.19          & 0.10       & 7.2      \\ \hline
8*        & 0.35     & 0.40       & 10.5        &  0.212                &  109.0         & 0.13          & 0.08       & 6.2      \\ \hline
9*        & 0.35     & 0.40       & 6.67        &  0.135                &  69.3          & 0.08          & 0.07       & 5.2      \\ \hline
10*       & 0.35     & 0.64       & 19.3        &  0.391                &  200.7         & 0.24          & 0.12       & 7.9      \\ \hline
11*       & 0.35     & 0.63       & 27.0        &  0.546                &  280.3         & 0.34          & 0.15       & 9.1      \\ \hline
12*       & 0.35     & 0.81       & 40.6        &  0.822                &  422.2         & 0.51          & 0.18       & 10.7      \\ \hline
13*       & 0.35     & 0.92       & 63.5        &  1.285                &  659.9         & 0.80          & 0.21       & 12.8       \\ \hline
14*       & 0.35     & 0.92       & 90.3        &  1.828                &  938.7         & 1.13          & 0.22       & 14.7       \\ \hline
15        & 0.35     & 0.92       & 178         &  3.567                &  1854.6        & 2.24          & 0.20       & 19.3       \\ \hline
16        & 0.35     & 0.92       & 210         &  4.194                &  2180.8        & 2.63          & 0.20       & 20.6       \\ \hline
17        & 0.35     & 0.92       & 34.0        &  0.679                &  353.2         & 0.43          & 0.16       & 9.9      \\ \hline
18        & 0.35     & 0.90       & 145         &  2.904                &  1510.0        & 1.82          & 0.28       & 17.8       \\ \hline
19        & 0.35     & 0.90       & 125         &  2.495                &  1297.7        & 1.56          & 0.23       & 16.7       \\ \hline
20*       & 1.0      & 1.00       & 49.0        &  0.997                &  62.4          & 0.04          & 0.14       & 5.8      \\ \hline
21*       & 1.0      & 1.00       & 81.0        &  1.648                &  103.1         & 0.07          & 0.15       & 7.0      \\ \hline
22*       & 1.0      & 1.00       & 112         &  2.282                &  142.8         & 0.10          & 0.17       & 8.0       \\ \hline
23*       & 1.0      & 1.00       & 129         &  2.635                &  164.8         & 0.12          & 0.18       & 8.5       \\ \hline
24*       & 1.0      & 0.79       & 52.7        &  1.069                &  67.1          & 0.05          & 0.12       & 5.9      \\ \hline
25*       & 1.0      & 0.79       & 69.7        &  1.414                &  88.8          & 0.06          & 0.12       & 6.6      \\ \hline
26*       & 1.0      & 0.79       & 87.3        &  1.771                &  111.2         & 0.08          & 0.13       & 7.3       \\ \hline
27*       & 1.0      & 0.79       & 102         &  2.081                &  130.6         & 0.09          & 0.13       & 7.7       \\ \hline
28*       & 1.0      & 0.79       & 121         &  2.462                &  154.5         & 0.11          & 0.14       & 8.3       \\ \hline
29*       & 1.0      & 0.79       & 138         &  2.793                &  175.3         & 0.12          & 0.16       & 8.7       \\ \hline
30*       & 1.0      & 0.79       & 172         &  3.482                &  218.5         & 0.16          & 0.18       & 9.5       \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\label{Hamins_Methane_Table}
\end{table}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M1_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M1_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M2_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M2_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M3_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M3_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M4_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M4_Vertical_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Hamins_Methane_1-4}
\caption[Heat flux predictions, Hamins methane burner Tests 1-4]
{Comparison of predicted and measured heat fluxes, Hamins Methane Tests 1-4.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M5_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M5_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M6_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M6_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M7_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M7_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M8_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M8_Vertical_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Hamins_Methane_5-8}
\caption[Heat flux predictions, Hamins methane burner Tests 5-8]
{Comparison of predicted and measured heat fluxes, Hamins Methane Tests 5-8.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M9_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M9_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M10_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M10_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M11_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M11_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M12_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M12_Vertical_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Hamins_Methane_9-12}
\caption[Heat flux predictions, Hamins methane burner Tests 9-12]
{Comparison of predicted and measured heat fluxes, Hamins Methane Tests 9-12.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M13_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M13_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M14_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M14_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M15_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M15_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M16_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M16_Vertical_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Hamins_Methane_13-16}
\caption[Heat flux predictions, Hamins methane burner Tests 13-16]
{Comparison of predicted and measured heat fluxes, Hamins Methane Tests 13-16.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M17_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M17_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M18_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M18_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M19_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M19_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M20_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M20_Vertical_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Hamins_Methane_17-20}
\caption[Heat flux predictions, Hamins methane burner Tests 17-20]
{Comparison of predicted and measured heat fluxes, Hamins Methane Tests 17-20.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M21_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M21_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M22_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M22_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M23_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M23_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M24_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M24_Vertical_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Hamins_Methane_21-24}
\caption[Heat flux predictions, Hamins methane burner Tests 21-24]
{Comparison of predicted and measured heat fluxes, Hamins Methane Tests 21-24.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M25_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M25_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M26_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M26_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M27_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M27_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M28_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M28_Vertical_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Hamins_Methane_25-28}
\caption[Heat flux predictions, Hamins methane burner Tests 25-28]
{Comparison of predicted and measured heat fluxes, Hamins Methane Tests 25-28.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M29_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M29_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M30_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/M30_Vertical_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Hamins_Methane_29-30}
\caption[Heat flux predictions, Hamins methane burner Tests 29-30]
{Comparison of predicted and measured heat fluxes, Hamins Methane Tests 29-30.}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\subsubsection{Propane Experiments}

\begin{table}[!h]
\caption[Parameters of the Hamins propane burner experiments]{Parameters of the Hamins propane burner experiments. Note that in all cases, the soot and CO yields were taken to be 0.024 and 0.005, respectively, based on the measurements of Tewarson~\cite{SFPE:Tewarson}.}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c||c|c|}
\hline
Test     & $D$      & $R_0$      & $\dot{Q}$   &  $\dot{m}$            &  $\dot{Q}''$   &               &           &           \\
No.      & (m)      & (m)        & (kW)        &  (kg/s)               &  (kW/m$^2$)    & \raisebox{1.5ex}[0pt]{$\dot{Q}^*$} & \raisebox{1.5ex}[0pt]{$\chi_{\rm rad}$} & \raisebox{1.5ex}[0pt]{$D^*/\delta x$} \\ \hline \hline
1        & 0.1      & 0.26       & 2.7         &  0.058                &  343.8         & 0.78          & 0.22      & 9.0          \\ \hline
2        & 0.1      & 0.26       & 6.8         &  0.148                &  870.9         & 1.96          & 0.27      & 13.1          \\ \hline
3        & 0.1      & 0.26       & 11.8        &  0.254                &  1499.9        & 3.38          & 0.29      & 16.3          \\ \hline
4        & 0.1      & 0.37       & 17.9        &  0.386                &  2277.8        & 5.14          & 0.29      & 19.2          \\ \hline
5        & 0.1      & 0.37       & 25.2        &  0.543                &  3203.5        & 7.22          & 0.30      & 22.1          \\ \hline
6        & 0.1      & 0.49       & 36.9        &  0.796                &  4698.3        & 10.6          & 0.30      & 25.7          \\ \hline
7        & 0.1      & 0.13       & 0.4         &  0.010                &  56.0          & 0.13          & 0.12      & 4.4          \\ \hline
8        & 0.1      & 0.13       & 0.8         &  0.017                &  99.3          & 0.22          & 0.12      & 5.5          \\ \hline
9        & 0.1      & 0.13       & 0.6         &  0.013                &  76.4          & 0.17          & 0.12      & 4.9          \\ \hline
10       & 0.1      & 0.13       & 1.0         &  0.021                &  123.5         & 0.28          & 0.15      & 6.0          \\ \hline
11       & 0.1      & 0.13       & 1.4         &  0.031                &  183.3         & 0.41          & 0.18      & 7.0          \\ \hline
12       & 0.1      & 0.13       & 2.2         &  0.046                &  273.7         & 0.62          & 0.23      & 8.2          \\ \hline
13       & 0.1      & 0.19       & 3.4         &  0.074                &  434.2         & 0.98          & 0.24      & 9.9          \\ \hline
14       & 0.1      & 0.19       & 5.6         &  0.122                &  718.1         & 1.62          & 0.26      & 12.1          \\ \hline
15       & 0.1      & 0.28       & 11.9        &  0.257                &  1513.9        & 3.41          & 0.26      & 16.3          \\ \hline
16       & 0.1      & 0.28       & 24.8        &  0.535                &  3156.4        & 7.12          & 0.29      & 21.9          \\ \hline
17       & 0.35     & 0.92       & 33.9        &  0.732                &  352.8         & 0.43          & 0.25      & 9.9          \\ \hline
18       & 0.35     & 0.92       & 124.9       &  2.694                &  1298.1        & 1.56          & 0.30      & 16.7          \\ \hline
19       & 0.35     & 0.57       & 20.0        &  0.431                &  207.9         & 0.25          & 0.18      & 8.0          \\ \hline
20       & 0.35     & 0.57       & 15.6        &  0.336                &  162.0         & 0.20          & 0.14      & 7.3          \\ \hline
21       & 0.35     & 0.39       & 19.0        &  0.409                &  197.3         & 0.24          & 0.13      & 7.9          \\ \hline
22       & 0.35     & 0.39       & 14.6        &  0.316                &  152.2         & 0.18          & 0.10      & 7.1          \\ \hline
23       & 0.35     & 0.68       & 108.2       &  2.334                &  1124.5        & 1.36          & 0.29      & 15.8          \\ \hline
24       & 0.35     & 0.68       & 102.3       &  2.207                &  1063.7        & 1.28          & 0.31      & 15.5          \\ \hline
25       & 0.35     & 0.68       & 79.7        &  1.719                &  828.4         & 1.00          & 0.28      & 14.0          \\ \hline
26       & 0.35     & 0.51       & 12.0        &  0.258                &  124.5         & 0.15          & 0.08      & 6.6          \\ \hline
27       & 1.0      & 0.81       & 55.2        &  1.190                &  70.2          & 0.05          & 0.11      & 6.0          \\ \hline
28       & 1.0      & 0.81       & 81.7        &  1.761                &  104.0         & 0.07          & 0.15      & 7.1          \\ \hline
29       & 1.0      & 0.81       & 107.3       &  2.315                &  136.7         & 0.10          & 0.18      & 7.9          \\ \hline
30       & 1.0      & 1.00       & 136.4       &  2.943                &  173.7         & 0.12          & 0.22      & 8.7          \\ \hline
31       & 1.0      & 0.97       & 55.6        &  1.199                &  70.8          & 0.05          & 0.12      & 6.1          \\ \hline
32       & 1.0      & 0.97       & 82.5        &  1.779                &  105.0         & 0.07          & 0.14      & 7.1          \\ \hline
33       & 1.0      & 0.97       & 107.9       &  2.326                &  137.3         & 0.10          & 0.17      & 7.9          \\ \hline
34       & 1.0      & 0.97       & 137.3       &  2.963                &  174.9         & 0.12          & 0.23      & 8.7          \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\label{Hamins_Propane_Table}
\end{table}

\newpage


\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P1_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P1_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P2_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P2_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P3_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P3_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P4_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P4_Vertical_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Hamins_Propane_1-4}
\caption[Heat flux predictions, Hamins propane burner Tests 1-4]
{Comparison of predicted and measured heat fluxes, Hamins Propane Tests 1-4.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P5_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P5_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P6_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P6_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P7_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P7_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P8_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P8_Vertical_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Hamins_Propane_5-8}
\caption[Heat flux predictions, Hamins propane burner Tests 5-8]
{Comparison of predicted and measured heat fluxes, Hamins Propane Tests 5-8.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P9_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P9_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P10_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P10_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P11_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P11_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P12_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P12_Vertical_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Hamins_Propane_9-12}
\caption[Heat flux predictions, Hamins propane burner Tests 9-12]
{Comparison of predicted and measured heat fluxes, Hamins Propane Tests 9-12.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P13_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P13_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P14_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P14_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P15_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P15_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P16_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P16_Vertical_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Hamins_Propane_13-16}
\caption[Heat flux predictions, Hamins propane burner Tests 13-16]
{Comparison of predicted and measured heat fluxes, Hamins Propane Tests 13-16.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P17_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P17_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P18_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P18_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P19_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P19_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P20_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P20_Vertical_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Hamins_Propane_17-20}
\caption[Heat flux predictions, Hamins propane burner Tests 17-20]
{Comparison of predicted and measured heat fluxes, Hamins Propane Tests 17-20.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P21_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P21_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P22_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P22_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P23_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P23_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P24_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P24_Vertical_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Hamins_Propane_21-24}
\caption[Heat flux predictions, Hamins propane burner Tests 21-24]
{Comparison of predicted and measured heat fluxes, Hamins Propane Tests 21-24.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P25_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P25_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P26_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P26_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P27_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P27_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P28_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P28_Vertical_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Hamins_Propane_25-28}
\caption[Heat flux predictions, Hamins propane burner Tests 25-28]
{Comparison of predicted and measured heat fluxes, Hamins Propane Tests 25-28.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P29_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P29_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P30_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P30_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P31_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P31_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P32_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P32_Vertical_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Hamins_Propane_29-32}
\caption[Heat flux predictions, Hamins propane burner Tests 29-32]
{Comparison of predicted and measured heat fluxes, Hamins Propane Tests 29-32.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P33_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P33_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P34_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/P34_Vertical_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Hamins_Propane_33-34}
\caption[Heat flux predictions, Hamins propane burner Tests 33-34]
{Comparison of predicted and measured heat fluxes, Hamins Propane Tests 33-34.}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\subsubsection{Acetylene Experiments}

\begin{table}[ht]
\caption[Parameters of the Hamins acetylene burner experiments]{Parameters of the Hamins acetylene burner experiments. Note that in all cases, the soot and CO yields were taken to be 0.096 and 0.042, respectively, based on the measurements of Tewarson~\cite{SFPE:Tewarson}.}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c||c|c|}
\hline
Test     & $D$      & $R_0$      & $\dot{Q}$   &  $\dot{m}$            &  $\dot{Q}''$   &               &         &             \\
No.      & (m)      & (m)        & (kW)        &  (kg/s)               &  (kW/m$^2$)    & \raisebox{1.5ex}[0pt]{$\dot{Q}^*$} & \raisebox{1.5ex}[0pt]{$\chi_{\rm rad}$} & \raisebox{1.5ex}[0pt]{$D^*/\delta x$} \\ \hline \hline
1        & 0.10     & 0.13       & 0.45        &  0.009                &  57.3          & 0.13         & 0.12     & 4.4             \\ \hline
2        & 0.10     & 0.13       & 0.56        &  0.012                &  71.3          & 0.16         & 0.15     & 4.8             \\ \hline
3        & 0.10     & 0.13       & 0.90        &  0.019                &  114.6         & 0.26         & 0.18     & 5.8             \\ \hline
4        & 0.10     & 0.13       & 1.29        &  0.027                &  164.2         & 0.37         & 0.27     & 6.7             \\ \hline
5        & 0.10     & 0.13       & 1.54        &  0.032                &  196.1         & 0.44         & 0.31     & 7.2             \\ \hline
6        & 0.35     & 0.39       & 12.5        &  0.259                &  129.9         & 0.16         & 0.13     & 6.7             \\ \hline
7        & 0.35     & 0.51       & 11.0        &  0.229                &  114.3         & 0.14         & 0.09     & 6.3             \\ \hline
8        & 0.35     & 0.51       & 20.4        &  0.424                &  212.0         & 0.26         & 0.22     & 8.1             \\ \hline
9        & 0.35     & 0.51       & 31.3        &  0.648                &  325.3         & 0.39         & 0.33     & 9.6             \\ \hline
10       & 0.35     & 0.69       & 38.2        &  0.793                &  397.0         & 0.48         & 0.38     & 10.4             \\ \hline
11       & 0.35     & 0.69       & 48.0        &  1.000                &  498.9         & 0.60         & 0.41     & 11.4             \\ \hline
12       & 0.35     & 0.69       & 62.4        &  1.290                &  648.6         & 0.78         & 0.42     & 12.7             \\ \hline
13       & 0.35     & 0.69       & 76.3        &  1.580                &  793.0         & 0.96         & 0.43     & 13.8             \\ \hline
14       & 0.35     & 0.69       & 109.2       &  2.270                &  1135.0        & 1.37         & 0.44     & 15.9             \\ \hline
15       & 0.35     & 0.69       & 117.2       &  2.430                &  1218.2        & 1.47         & 0.43     & 16.3             \\ \hline
16       & 0.35     & 0.69       & 134.7       &  2.790                &  1400.0        & 1.69         & 0.46     & 17.3             \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\label{Hamins_Acetylene_Table}
\end{table}

\newpage


\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A1_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A1_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A2_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A2_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A3_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A3_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A4_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A4_Vertical_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Hamins_Acetylene_1-4}
\caption[Heat flux predictions, Hamins acetylene burner Tests 1-4]
{Comparison of predicted and measured heat fluxes, Hamins Acetylene Tests 1-4.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A5_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A5_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A6_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A6_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A7_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A7_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A8_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A8_Vertical_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Hamins_Acetylene_5-8}
\caption[Heat flux predictions, Hamins acetylene burner Tests 5-8]
{Comparison of predicted and measured heat fluxes, Hamins Acetylene Tests 5-8.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A9_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A9_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A10_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A10_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A11_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A11_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A12_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A12_Vertical_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Hamins_Acetylene_9-12}
\caption[Heat flux predictions, Hamins acetylene burner Tests 9-12]
{Comparison of predicted and measured heat fluxes, Hamins Acetylene Tests 9-12.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A13_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A13_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A14_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A14_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A15_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A15_Vertical_Heat_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A16_Radial_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Hamins_Gas_Burners/A16_Vertical_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\label{Hamins_Acetylene_13-16}
\caption[Heat flux predictions, Hamins acetylene burner Tests 13-16]
{Comparison of predicted and measured heat fluxes, Hamins Acetylene Tests 13-16.}
\end{figure}

\clearpage


\subsection{NIST/NRC Experiments}

Cables in various types (power and control), and configurations (horizontal, vertical, in trays or free-hanging), were installed in
the test compartment. For each of the four cable targets considered, measurements of the radiative and total heat flux were made with
gauges positioned near the cables themselves.  The following pages display comparisons of these heat flux predictions and measurements for Control Cable B, Horizontal Cable Tray D, Power Cable F and Vertical Cable Tray G.

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_01_Cable_B_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_07_Cable_B_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_02_Cable_B_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_08_Cable_B_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_04_Cable_B_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_10_Cable_B_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_13_Cable_B_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_16_Cable_B_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, heat flux to Cable B, Tests 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10, 13, 16.}
\label{NIST_NRC_Cable_B_Flux_Closed}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_03_Cable_B_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_09_Cable_B_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_05_Cable_B_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_14_Cable_B_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_15_Cable_B_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_18_Cable_B_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, heat flux to Cable B, Tests 3, 5, 9, 14, 15, 18.}
\label{NIST_NRC_Cable_B_Flux_Open}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_01_Cable_D_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_07_Cable_D_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_02_Cable_D_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_08_Cable_D_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_04_Cable_D_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_10_Cable_D_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_13_Cable_D_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_16_Cable_D_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, heat flux to Cable D, Tests 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10, 13, 16.}
\label{NIST_NRC_Cable_D_Flux_Closed}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
                           &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_09_Cable_D_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_05_Cable_D_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_14_Cable_D_Flux} \\
                      &
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, heat flux to Cable D, Tests 5, 9, 14.}
\label{NIST_NRC_Cable_D_Flux_Open}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_01_Cable_F_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_07_Cable_F_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_02_Cable_F_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_08_Cable_F_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_04_Cable_F_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_10_Cable_F_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_13_Cable_F_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_16_Cable_F_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, heat flux to Cable F, Tests 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10, 13, 16.}
\label{NIST_NRC_Cable_F_Flux_Closed}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_03_Cable_F_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_09_Cable_F_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_05_Cable_F_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_14_Cable_F_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_15_Cable_F_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_18_Cable_F_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, heat flux to Cable F, Tests 3, 5, 9, 14, 15, 18.}
\label{NIST_NRC_Cable_F_Flux_Open}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_01_Cable_G_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_07_Cable_G_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_02_Cable_G_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_08_Cable_G_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_04_Cable_G_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_10_Cable_G_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_13_Cable_G_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_16_Cable_G_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, heat flux to Cable G, Tests 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10, 13, 16.}
\label{NIST_NRC_Cable_G_Flux_Closed}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_03_Cable_G_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_09_Cable_G_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_05_Cable_G_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_14_Cable_G_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_15_Cable_G_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_18_Cable_G_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, heat flux to Cable G, Tests 3, 5, 9, 14, 15, 18.}
\label{NIST_NRC_Cable_G_Flux_Open}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\subsection{WTC Experiments}

There were a variety of heat flux gauges installed in the test compartment. Most were within 2~m of the fire. Their locations and orientations are listed in Table~\ref{WTC_Gauges}.


\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_01_Station_2_Flux_High} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_02_Station_2_Flux_High} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_03_Station_2_Flux_High} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_04_Station_2_Flux_High} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_05_Station_2_Flux_High} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_06_Station_2_Flux_High}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{WTC experiments, heat flux at Station 2, high position.}
\label{NIST_WTC_Station_2_Flux_High}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_01_Station_2_Flux_Low} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_02_Station_2_Flux_Low} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_03_Station_2_Flux_Low} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_04_Station_2_Flux_Low} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_05_Station_2_Flux_Low} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_06_Station_2_Flux_Low}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{WTC experiments, heat flux at Station 2, low position.}
\label{NIST_WTC_Station_2_Flux_Low}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_01_Upper_Column_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_02_Upper_Column_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_03_Upper_Column_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_04_Upper_Column_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_05_Upper_Column_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_06_Upper_Column_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{WTC experiments, heat flux to upper column.}
\label{NIST_WTC_Upper_Column_Flux}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_01_Lower_Column_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_02_Lower_Column_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_03_Lower_Column_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_04_Lower_Column_Flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_05_Lower_Column_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_06_Lower_Column_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{WTC experiments, heat flux to lower column.}
\label{NIST_WTC_Lower_Column_Flux}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\subsection{UMD Line Burner}

In the UMD line burner experiments, radiative heat flux was measured at a distance of 1~m normal to the flame sheet.  In the FDS calculations the domain is extended to encompass the heat flux measurement location; two devices are placed at the 1~m distance on either side of the flame as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig_umd_integrated_intensity}. This figure also shows a slice contour of integrated radiation intensity to confirm the pattern is smooth.

The radiative fraction and radiative heat flux as functions of oxygen volume fraction in the coflow have been measured by White~et~al.~\cite{White:2015}.  FDS does not employ a specified radiative fraction in these simulations. Rather it uses a three step reaction mechanism that produces CO and soot in the first step and the oxidation of these species in the second and third. The source of thermal radiation is the CO, CO$_2$, water vapor, and soot in the flame, as calculated by RadCal. Figure~\ref{fig_umd_chi_r} displays the measured and predicted global radiative fraction and heat flux.

\begin{figure}[h!]
\centering
\includegraphics[height=3in]{FIGURES/UMD_Line_Burner/integrated_intensity}
\caption{UMD Line Burner contour of integrated radiation intensity.}
\label{fig_umd_integrated_intensity}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/UMD_Line_Burner/methane_Chi_r} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/UMD_Line_Burner/methane_rad_heat_flux} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/UMD_Line_Burner/propane_Chi_r} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/UMD_Line_Burner/propane_rad_heat_flux}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[UMD Line Burner radiative fraction and radiative heat flux]{The plots on the left compare measured and predicted radiative fraction, and the plots on the right compare measured and predicted heat flux to a target 1~m away from the flame.}
\label{fig_umd_chi_r}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\subsection{Summary of Target Heat Flux Predictions}
\label{Target Heat Flux}

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c}
\includegraphics[height=4in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/ScatterPlots/FDS_Target_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption[Summary of target heat flux predictions]
{Summary of target heat flux predictions.}
\end{figure}


\clearpage

\section{Heat Flux to Fuel Surface}

\subsection{Waterloo Methanol Pool Fire}

Hamins~et~al.~\cite{Hamins:CST1994} made measurements of the radiative and total heat flux along a radial profile at the surface of a 30.5~cm diameter methanol pool fire originally studied by Weckman at the University of Waterloo~\cite{Weckman:CF1996}.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Waterloo_Methanol/Waterloo_Methanol_Rad_Heat_Flux} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Waterloo_Methanol/Waterloo_Methanol_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Waterloo Methanol, radial profile of radiative and total heat flux to the fuel surface]
{Waterloo Methanol, radial profile of radiative (left) and total (right) heat flux to the fuel surface.}
\label{Water_Methanol_Heat_Flux}
\end{figure}



\clearpage

\section{Attenuation of Thermal Radiation in Water Spray}

This section presents the results of simulations of spray experiments where the reduction of thermal radiation by a fine water spray was measured.

\subsection{BRE Spray Experiments}

Attenuation of thermal radiation by a water spray was measured using three full-cone type hydraulic nozzles at eight different pressures. The initial droplet speeds were determined using a simple hydraulic relation, $v = 0.9 \sqrt{2P/\rho}$. The median drop size distributions were determined by assuming $d_m \propto p^{-1/3}$ and finding the constant of proportionality by fitting to the experimental PDPA measurement 1~m below the nozzles.  Measured median diameters, $d_{v50}$, are compared against mean diameters, $d_{43}$. The arithmetic mean of the droplets is used for vertical velocity. The comparison of predicted and measured attenuation, Fig.~\ref{BRE_LEMTA_Spray_Attenuation}, is made at a distance of 4~m from the heat source.

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[width=2.8in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/BRE_LEMTA_Spray/BRE_Spray_W} &
\includegraphics[width=2.8in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/BRE_LEMTA_Spray/BRE_Spray_Diameter}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Droplet speeds and mean diameters for the three nozzles]{Comparison of experimental and predicted droplet speeds and mean diameters for the three nozzles and different pressures.}
\label{BRE_Spray_W_and_diam}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c}
\includegraphics[height=4in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/BRE_LEMTA_Spray/BRE_LEMTA_Spray_Attenuation}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption[Comparison of radiation attenuation, BRE and LEMTA Spray experiments]{Comparison of predicted and measured radiation attenuation in the spray experiments at BRE and at LEMTA.}
\label{BRE_LEMTA_Spray_Attenuation}
\end{figure}


\subsection{LEMTA Spray Experiments}

The attenuation of thermal radiation was measured at five heights in water sprays produced by seven full-elliptic type hydraulic nozzles. The operating pressure was 4~bar. The initial speed was deduced from the water flow rate and the orifice diameter. The droplet size at the injection point was determined by comparing the predicted and measured results at the PDPA measurement location 0.2~m below the nozzles. The comparison of predicted and measured attenuations, Fig.~\ref{BRE_LEMTA_Spray_Attenuation}, is made at five locations.

\clearpage

\section{Convective Heat Flux}

This section focuses specifically on experiments that primarily involved convective heat transfer.

\subsection{Bouchair Solar Chimney}

The plots on the following pages compare the predicted air mass flow rates through the test apparatus shown in Fig.~\ref{Bouchair_Drawing}. The measurements were made at both the inlet and outlet of the thermal cavity. Note that in Bouchair's thesis~\cite{Bouchair:Thesis}, the measurements were presented as mass flow rates per unit length of the inlet slot, 1.4~m. In the plots on the following pages, the measurements and simulation results are presented simply as a total mass flux, kg/s.

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p1_p1_30} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p1_p1_40} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p1_p1_50} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p1_p1_60} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p4_p1_30} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p4_p1_40} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p4_p1_50} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p4_p1_60}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{Bouchair Solar Chimney, 0.1 m thermal cavity.}
\label{Bouchair_p1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p1_p2_30} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p1_p2_40} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p1_p2_50} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p1_p2_60} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p4_p2_30} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p4_p2_40} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p4_p2_50} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p4_p2_60}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{Bouchair Solar Chimney, 0.2 m thermal cavity.}
\label{Bouchair_p2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p1_p3_30} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p1_p3_40} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p1_p3_50} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p1_p3_60} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p4_p3_30} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p4_p3_40} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p4_p3_50} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p4_p3_60}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{Bouchair Solar Chimney, 0.3 m thermal cavity.}
\label{Bouchair_p3}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p1_p5_30} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p1_p5_40} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p1_p5_50} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p1_p5_60} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p4_p5_30} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p4_p5_40} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p4_p5_50} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p4_p5_60}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{Bouchair Solar Chimney, 0.5 m thermal cavity.}
\label{Bouchair_p5}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p1_1p_30} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p1_1p_40} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p1_1p_50} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p1_1p_60} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p4_1p_30} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p4_1p_40} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p4_1p_50} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Bouchair_Solar_Chimney/SC_p4_1p_60}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{Bouchair Solar Chimney, 1.0 m thermal cavity.}
\label{Bouchair_1p}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c}
\includegraphics[height=4in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/ScatterPlots/FDS_Convective_Heat_Flux}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Summary of Bouchair Solar Chimney results.}
\label{Mass Flow Rate}
\end{figure}



